When people hear the term lithium, they often think of batteries and electronic devices. However, this lightweight metal is also finding significant applications in medicine. Recently, lithium has garnered attention as a potential anti-aging remedy. Especially on social media, it’s hailed as a miracle substance against aging processes and stress. But how much truth is there to this hype?
The Role of Lithium in Psychiatry
Lithium does not occur naturally as a pure metal but rather in various compounds found in rocks and saline solutions. Small amounts of lithium enter the human body through drinking water and food. In psychiatric medicine, higher doses in the form of lithium salts have been used for decades. They help stabilize moods and alleviate manic episodes. Psychiatrist Gerhard Gründer, head of the Molecular Neuroimaging department at the Central Institute of Mental Health in Mannheim, states, “The mood-stabilizing effects of lithium have been known since around 1950.” Today, lithium carbonate is specifically used for bipolar disorder and as an adjunct treatment for difficult-to-treat depression. While the exact mechanisms remain unclear, long-term treatment with lithium is established to reduce suicidal tendencies.
Potential of Lithium in Dementia Prevention
Recently, lithium has gained attention for its potential in dementia prevention. For decades, there have been suspicions that this substance might prevent cognitive decline. British researchers observed that individuals who took lithium for psychiatric disorders exhibited lower rates of dementia. A noteworthy study from Harvard University, published in the journal *Nature* last August, found lower lithium levels in the brains of individuals with cognitive impairments compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that a lack of lithium in mice’s brains contributed to the buildup of Alzheimer’s-related protein deposits. Lithium orotate, a compound of lithium and orotic acid, was able to reduce these pathological changes in mice. Anne Pfitzer-Bilsing, head of science at the Alzheimer Research Initiative, remarked, “The study is promising, but one cannot directly transfer the results to humans.” Many substances that showed potential in animal studies have not proven effective in clinical dementia trials.
Currently, there is no evidence that lithium protects the human brain. In a pilot study involving around 40 individuals with cognitive impairments taking lithium carbonate for two years, no effects were observed. Notably, these individuals consumed a different salt compared to the mice in the study, which may have made a significant difference. “The dosage might have been too low as well,” states pharmacologist Gründer.
Risks and Side Effects of Lithium
While lithium may have some benefits, it can also have severe side effects, particularly in high doses. It can inhibit iodine absorption in the thyroid, potentially leading to hypothyroidism with prolonged use. Additionally, long-term use can harm the kidneys. Patients prescribed lithium must undergo close monitoring, so Gründer warns against self-prescribing lithium: “The hype lacks scientific foundation.”
Searching for lithium online, one might find offers catering primarily to aquarium enthusiasts since the substance naturally exists in seawater. Some shops sell lithium orotate capsules marketed as anti-aging supplements, but this is illegal in Germany and other EU Member States. The consumer center states, “Supplements containing lithium cannot be sold within these areas.” Lithium is categorized as an ultra-trace element, not essential for human survival. Excessive amounts can lead to poisoning, prompting authorities to advise against additional intake.
Recently, calls have emerged to recognize lithium as an essential trace element, with medical professionals like Michael Nehls advocating for permits for micro-doses in supplements. This initiative has garnered support from political parties such as FPÖ and AfD, who have submitted a corresponding proposal in the EU Parliament.
“Given the current data, the risks certainly outweigh the potential benefits.”
Psychiatrist Gerhard Gründer, head of the Molecular Neuroimaging department at the Central Institute of Mental Health in Mannheim
Experts like Gründer assert that even small doses of lithium are not harmless. The risks increase when other medications are involved. For instance, if combined with specific antibiotics or anti-inflammatories, lithium levels can rise, leading to side effects. “At present, the data suggests the risks definitely outweigh the potential benefits.”
In addition to prescribed doses, individuals consume trace amounts of lithium from foods such as legumes, potatoes, and eggs, with variations based on region. The risks associated with these normal dietary sources are not well-known. Could consumption of lithium-rich mineral water serve as a harmless alternative to capsules? “One should not expect anything from it,” states Pfitzer-Bilsing. “There is no evidence that it prevents Alzheimer’s.”
